Rayon’s market

Britton to acquire American Fiber market consists of Rayon, Nylon and Cotton. Rayon's market share was increasingly rapid until 1959 but started to fall by year 1960. Nylon was introduced in 1955 and was eating up the market for Rayon. It has achieved a good increase in market share every year.1 . 3rd largest producer of rayon in the SSI . Increased earning difficulties 2. $MOM liquid assets 2. Rayon industry was declining 3. No short or long-term debt 3. Entry of new fiber products 4. Modern central manufacturing facility l. Problem Institutional Should MR., Inc. Acquire American Rayon Inc. (AR') ? OperationalIs Marc's management control system well suited to handle AR'? II. Objectives 1. To find out viability of MRS. acquisition of AR'. 2. To find out how much should MR. pay for the AIR acquisition. 3. To find the Net Present Value of AR'. Corporate Objective 1. Growth is the explicit objective of the acquisition program 2. And borrowing capacity Areas of Consideration 1. SOOT STRE NGTHS AIR is the 3rd largest producer or Rayon Strengthen liquidity AIR had over $20 million in liquid assets that were not needed for operations – No short or long term debt They had a modern manufacturing facility, their facilities can be retrofitted for ewe technology. MR. has a long history of successful acquisitions through its diversification campaign (therefore they have enough experience in handling risks and problems connected to acquisitions. – James Clinton, President of AR', had expressed willingness to stay and offer his services even after the acquisition for two years. WEAKNESSES MR. has a weak R & D MR. maxed out credit benefits From 1955, rayon began to falter AIR faced earning difficulties with a shrinking industry MR. management lacked the technical know-how to contribute o ARIA'S profitability OPPORTUNITIES upcoming innovation (polyester) in the fiber industry.THREATS The growth of Rayon has been falling which was about to become obsolete. – Introduction of new raw materials in the tire cord business- Acquiring AIR might entangle MR. in a dying business Competitors in the fiber industry 2. Macroeconomic Indicators Political Political climate in different countries producing and buying automobiles regarding policies on import, export and manufacture of automobiles and automobile components. This will also include policies on allowing setting up of manufacturing plants by foreign companies. Stability of governments. This may affect the future conditions in a country. Taxation policies. Economic Recession – Demand for cars, during the period, would result to decline as a result of higher levels of unemployment, lower purchasing power and the resulting postponement of new car purchases, decline in per capita automobile travel and volatile fuel prices. Reductions in per capita automobile travel directly impacted demand for tires and thereby tire cord in the replacement market. Debt Crisis – . Credit restriction s as a result of austerity measures implemented by debt ridden governments, consumer indecisiveness, weakening consumer confidence as a result f periodic flaring up the region's financial problems, would result in slowing down auto sales Level of economic activity that affects need for commercial use of automobiles Exchange rate, interest rate, GAP, inflation & other economic indicators Demographic The population figures and automobile buying capacity of people. The aging baby boomer population and their proximity to retirement age is increasing annually while the number of young drivers in the 16 to 29 year age bracket is increasing at the slowest pace. The discrepancy between the growing number of retirees and the educed number of young drivers is bound to manifest itself by way of reduced growth in the vehicle buying population. Socio-cultural Lifestyle and preferences of people that has an impact on their choice of types of automobiles. Social norms that impact the decision to o wn and use automobiles versus other means of transport.Market Profile and Outlook There is significant uncertainty since MR. is uncertain about the future of the rayon business. There are different perceptions about whether the potential of the AIR acquisition is big, but in new unfamiliar area such as rayon market the information is not enough. There are huge questions surrounding the potential of this business. Questions like how the market may evolve, considering the fact that the rayon industry had enjoyed one of the most spectacular successes in the history of tire manufacturing and at one point, the rayon industry started to decline.On another note, AIR is also expected to pick up and gain market share as smaller companies vertical and functional integration; taking the fact that MR. already has strengths in the manufacturing of power brake systems, industrial furnaces and etc. The acquisition may be able help MR. to enter the new market of rayon production and also use rayon to get deeper into tire manufacturing. Competition Different synthetic fibers compete for shares of the total fiber market principally on the basis of relative prices and relative quality characteristics.Diversification program created significant strains on the Company's organization structure and financial position. Since continued rapid diversification was considered imperative, Company's highly- centralized decision-making processes had shifted to a highly decentralized management structure, which transferred substantial decision- making power to division managers. In 1961, there were seven divisions. All marketing, purchasing, manufacturing, research and development, personnel matters, and accounting were handled at the division level.Each division has its own manager (usually a Vice-President) and had responsibility for the growth and profitability of his division. A division manager could get stock options and earn an annual bonus of up to 60% of his base salary depending on the earnings and growth of his division. Divisional sales and earnings goals. Divisional sales and earnings formulated by each general manager and submitted each November to the head office for review by Mr.. Britton and the Corporate Staff. The corporate staff provided legal, administrative, and financial support to the divisions and handled external affairs, financing and acquisitions as well.The staff, including corporate officers, consisted of fewer than 60 people, about half of whom would be classified as secretarial and clerical. With this, Mr.. Britton has the capacity to exercise adequate to exercise control over the decentralized organization through its power to hire and fire at the division manager level and important, through control of the elaborate capital budgeting yester. s product lines were power brake systems for trucks, buses, and automobiles; industrial furnaces and heat-treating equipment; and automobile, truck, and bus frames.

When and how you encouraged a child to take part in creative activities Essay

In our nursery creative activities are very important. Almost every day i try to encourage children to take part. Acording to my observations use of simpliest resources is the best practise. Recently I use cartboard boxes and the parts from different tipes of packaging as plastic and paper bags, plastic bubble sheets, cardboard strips and sheets, styrofoam and many others. Wery often we use very big carboard boxes to turn them in to a house, castle or space ship, depends what kind of interest children have at the moment. We use paint, pencils, markers, duck, adchesive, scotch and double side tapes, coloured paper and foams to decorate it. While crative activities children can explor different types of material, different ways to use them and also improving their fine and motor skills. Activities schould be fun and give children joy and confidence. To encouraged a child to take a part in creative activities I always base on his or her interests. For example boys in our nursery love cars so I used them to paint wheel tracks on paper. Other day we made a car mat on big cardboard sheet. Children drew roads, parking spaces and also made bridges and garages from smal boxes. It is always their own imagination and ideas on the first place and satisfaction from finished product. How do you provide positive feedback to children and young people taking part in creative activities? prase effor and every work they did, rather the final product find positive aspects of their work ask questions about their work ask did they enjoy the activities open-ended questions How would you support children taking part in creative activities? In nursery I always refer to children current interests. That makes a base to start creative activitie. By a good practise, while I organise activitie,  every day I try: avoid projects that can be completed in only one way: (paint-by-numbers, kits to be assembled). make a wide variety of materials available to children. give examples and possible solutions, suggest options, but let children make the final decisions for art projects. talk through activities, ask children about their art while it is happening, not just at the end. Children can describe their work, but don’t have to name objects or feelings. praise the effort, use of color and uniqueness rather than just the final product — the trip is more important than the destination. display art at a child’s eye level. encourage individual expression., avoid the regimented use of materials and adult-directed projects. encourage to use imagination give as much time as they need do not force to take part in activities How have you or how would you support children to recognise how creativity can be used in all aspects of life? 1. encouraged to find solution in daily life activities. For example: – how to reach sometching is to high or to far – how to go somwhere even if there is obstackle – what to do when you spilt or tiped out something 2. orgnise creative activities acording to situations from real life. Examples: -creative cooking (dough, slime, pasta, gloop, making sandwiches, salads ect) -building and mechanik activities (using real tools to create something) -play-role – finding solutions in different situations, for example: How to play with toy if there is only one and two childrfen wants to play?

Book Review, King Leopold's Ghost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Review, King Leopold's Ghost - Essay Example King Leopold’s Ghost reminds us how man’s greed, power and desire to conquer and exploit far away lands far outweighs his compassion for humanity. The story begins with an informative history about the colonization of the Congo by explorer Henry Morton Stanley. The reader is offered a glimpse of Stanley’s lust for power and disrespect of humanity through his cunning plan to use Belgium’s King Leopold in a quest to exploit Africa as a goldmine. Leopold proves to be a suitable partner for Stanley, happy masking his true desires for power and money under the guise of philanthropy. He deceives the world with a false agenda, one which holds the best interest of the Congo locals at heart. Together, Leopold and Hochschild take steps which eventually leave the Congo in the hands of King Leopold. Thereafter, the locals are exposed to a dictatorship which enslaves them not only physically but also mentally, stripping their country of wealth. Leopold and Stanley’s titles of good king and adventuresome explorer are ripped away by Hochschild who is not afraid to use facts to paint a less flattering picture of the pair. Leopold was eager to cash in on the worlds growing demand for natural resources such as ivory and rubber which Africa was rich of and was not afraid to go to extreme lengths to achieve his goals. Punishment was measured out in whippings and included men, women and children. Hochschild uses Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad to illustrate the brutality inflicted by Leopold. Murder, decorating gardens with skull and rubbing salt into wounds were common occurrences that were openly accepted as common practice by the white Force Publique. It is estimated that the population of the Congo was reduced by half over a forty year period. Although Leopold’s exploits were well hidden, he was not free from opposition who was determined to expose his cruelty and true intentions to the rest of the world. Hochschild introduces us to

BETTER PLACE CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BETTER PLACE CASE STUDY - Essay Example The mission was to be achieved by forming partnerships with other companies and the Israeli government which would help launches a network of electric vehicles nationally and eventually it would be extended to the whole world after forming partnerships with other governments Vision The vision of Better Place was, â€Å"to create linkages between car companies, battery companies, utilities and consumers in a manner that would enable electric vehicles to attain widespread adoption†. Creating links with the car companies will help in modification of the cars so that electrical vehicles are attained. The battery companies will help to provide the rechargeable batteries for the vehicles Stakeholders Better Place formed partnerships with the following: Venture Capital firms Corporate clients Israel’s national electric utility Car manufacturers Battery companies Israeli government Suppliers and Service providers Consumers The organization had also announced partnership with fi rms and governments in: Denmark Australia United states Japan Canada and engaged in conversations with 25 other governments around the world. The stakeholders of Better Place play a great role in making the organization achieve its mission. For example; the Israel government as a stakeholder of the organization helps it to launch a nationwide network of electric vehicles. Other stakeholders like the firms and other governments across the globe similarly would help the organization to launch a global network of electrical vehicles. Governments on the other hand are able to reduce the greenhouse gases and other effects caused by the Inte1rnal Combustion Engines, and also reduce the amount of oil consumption (Bogue & Buffa, 1986). Stakeholders like the Israel’s national electric utility will help to increase the mobility of the electric vehicles so that they are not limited to 100 miles as they currently. They will help in the creation of recharging spots all over to replace the gas stations. In return, the national electric utility is able to have an increased amount of income (McLaughlin & Maloney, 1999). The battery companies provide rechargeable batteries for the organization thus they get ready market for their products. The other stakeholders included suppliers and service providers e.g. Electric Recharge Grid Operator. â€Å"ERGO† helped â€Å"Better Place† by providing recharging services to electric vehicles belonging to subscribers. The presence of ERGO made the services readily available. On the other hand, they were competitors of Better Place since they offered the same service that Better Place could offer, and the drivers were either to subscribe to either Better Place or ERGO. They partnered with suppliers like the car manufacturing companies to provide them with modified vehicles, the electric vehicles. The consumers as important stakeholders to the company were very eager to use the technology. 57% of Israel drivers, 40% of Denmark drivers, 39% of Australia drivers among others wanted the electric powered vehicles. At the time of launching the technology in Israel, 20,000 Israel drivers were very willing to purchase the electric vehicles. They benefit on the comfort and advantages of electric vehicles over internal combustion engine vehicles as Better Place gets its market. A summary of main stakeholders are outlined in the diagram below. Level of Interest Low Power/ LoI High LoI Government Venture Capital Firms Consumers Supplier High Power Industry and Scenario Analysis The automobile industry uses the five forces of analysis to identify the

Aloha Airlines Flight 243 Aircraft Accident Report Essay

Aloha Airlines Flight 243 Aircraft Accident Report - Essay Example The main cause being the failure of an epoxy adhesive which is used to bond aluminum sheets of the fuselage together. Two sheets, not bond properly creates a gap through which water seeps in and corrosion begins, as the corrosive parts have a greater volume than the underlying metal, the two sheets are forced apart resulting in the increase of stress on the rivets (which are also used) for holding them together. Taking into account that the aircraft was 19 years old at the time of the accident it had already surpassed its takeoff-landing cycles , it should have been subjected to a full uninterrupted inspection rather than the longer and extensive â€Å"D Check† which was performed in morning installments, furthermore â€Å"eddy-current testing’ inspection on the fuselage skin was lacking. A crack was noticed by a passenger who didn’t notify anyone, as the aircraft had already surpassed its takeoff-landing cycles (compression and decompression cycles), this crack s inevitably due to metal fatigue. Matt Austin came up with another reason for the accident after studying the disintegration of the fuselage of the aircraft. This states that at first, the fuselage failed to open a 10-inch vent through which the cabin air escaped at 700mph, flight attendant C.B.Lansing got sucked into the vent instead of being thrown off the aircraft. This blockage instantly caused an increase in pressure which inadvertently acted as a fluid hammer and tore the jet apart. The structural failure of the 19year old Boeing 737 stressed on creating awareness of aging aircraft throughout the aviation industry. The multiple site fatigue was the cause of the structural damage which primarily was due to the failure and negligence of the operator maintenance program which is supposed to track and detect corrosion damage.

The business plan for Eat, Sip and Read a medium sized coffee shop Coursework

The business plan for Eat, Sip and Read a medium sized coffee shop - Coursework Example Gaining fair amount of profit for the organization is also a primary mission so that the owners are also satisfied. Another mission of Eat, Sip, and Read is to provide a workplace for the employers where they will be kept on motivating to perform their best and will be rewarded based on their performance. Objectives: The objectives of Eat, Sip, and Read are to become a popular brand name among its customer which will comprise of a large section of the youths. A considerable amount of sales is targeted in the first year near about $ 500 k and to increase the margin of the profit in the second year. The long term objective of the organization should also include the expansion of the units in different states of the United States of America and based on the response should also consider the idea of international expansion. A3.Key to Success: The quality of service which will be delivered to the customer will be one of the primary factors for the success of the organization. The organiza tion will have to be critical in the choice of the food in the menu. As the facility of reading is one of the prime attractions for the shops the choice of books in the store will also be critical for attracting the customers in the store. The marketing strategy of the business and the ability to adopt the change and to undertake transformation in the areas required will also be crucial in the success of the organization. The efficiency of the management in choice over the policies and their nature of implementation hold the key regarding the future of Eat, Sip and Read. B. Company Summary: B1. Industry History: The fast food industry is one of the rising businesses in the... From the research it can be comprehended that the fast food industry is one of the rising businesses in the United States of America. According to a report , the consumers in USA spends about $110 billion on the fast foods in the year 2000 which depicts the huge amount of success which the industry has encountered. In the year 2005, the sales increased by more than 5% of the previous year. The likeliness of the fast food by the majority of the population based in USA has been identified by the market players and has been considerable in the overall success of the industry. The success of the industry also lies in the fact that it has provided huge openings for employment throughout the country. The figures published by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reflect that nearly 2.7 million workers are employed in this sector of the economy. The industry also has provided average growth to the employees over the years and it provides excellent opportunity to the population in matters of employment. Across the country there are more than 200, 000 fast food restaurants and generates sales of more than $120 billion. The industry also suffered a difficult period since the year 2006, as the food and the energy price increased significantly all over the country. The economic downturn also brought a change in the overall pattern of sales in the country as the consumers were left with little amount of money to spend on the restaurants and the fast food.

Patients saftey Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Patients saftey - Thesis Example It does seem likely, however, that, under stress, hospital staff is more likely to make mistakes that can contribute to the emergence of accidents, because high stress levels can impair the level of concentration, cognitive information processing, decision-making and work behavior (Furney, Press). The main research question that guided the present study was whether objective work stressors and resources predict important characteristics of stressful events that are related to safety among novice nurses. The characteristics in question were the similarity of the particular event to previously experienced events and the probability that the event would recur in the future. Thus, the risk potential contained in the event was assessed in terms of the event being a recurrent rather than a singular event - either because it had occurred in the past and/or because it was estimated to have a high chance of recurrence. Work stressors and job control both assessed by observer ratings were respectively expected to be positively and negatively associated with the two indicators of risk potential. Work stress, especially work overload (e.g. by time pressure) has been shown to be associated with occupational accidents (e.g. Frone 1998, 565, Zohar 2000, 591) and medical malpractice (Jones et al. 1998, 730). Conversely, resources such as job autonomy or job control are positively related not only to health and productivity but also to safe working practices (Parker et al. 2001, 214). This study investigates the association between chronic job stressors and characteristics of safety-related stressful events encountered at work. Typically, in this kind of research, both predictors and dependent variables are assessed by means of self-report, and this presents a risk of overestimating the association because of correlated error (Semmer et al. 2004, 210). As such, many researchers recommend measuring independent and dependent variables with different methods

The Brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Brain - Essay Example Thus, young people should not consume alcohol as it may severely damage their learning and memory processes. The research on rats suggests that adolescent brains may be particularly vulnerable to alcohol-induced memory impairments and learning difficulties. The study conducted with young adults confirms this thesis; when tested under alcohol, people in their early 20s performed worse on a task which involved immediate and delayed recall than people in their late 20s. This data clearly shows the vulnerability of younger subjects to alcohol-induced memory impairments. Young people often experience blackouts-episodes of anterogate amnesia, during which they are likely to engage in risky behaviours, such as vandalism, unprotected intercourse, or violence. Later they have no recollection of their actions. It is suggested that alcohol affects memory formation as it disrupts brain plasticity and interferes with the changes in circuitry which are essential for the learning process. Alcohol use damages hippocampus, the brain region which is crucial for memory formation. Moreover, repeated exposure to alcohol in adolescence may result in long-lasting changes in brain function later in life (White, 2003). The study conducted with adolescent alcohol abusers reveals that despite their relatively short periods of drinking, young people experienced severe cognitive impairments weeks after they stopped drinking. These changes are due to sensitivity of adolescent hippocampus to the neurotoxic effects of long-lasting use of alcohol. The data suggests that the subjects who abuse alcohol in their early adolescence are more vulnerable to hippocampal damage in the future. Use of alcohol in adolescence severely affects the establishment of new memories as well as memorization skills and learning capacities. Due to common blackouts, adolescent drinkers are likely to engage in risky behaviours. Moreover, extensive alcohol

Performance at Capone’s Dinner and Show Essay Example for Free

Performance at Capone’s Dinner and Show Essay Here at Capone’s Dinner and Show located in Orlando, you’re bound to have a sensational time. The atmosphere of the whole place is brimmed and overflowing with the magical feel of 1930s Chicago. With the wonderful menu, the gorgeous, sparkling and especially entertaining girls, the old and sentimental and nostalgic ornamentations and so much more, you will definitely get lost in this secret world full of dancing, fun and entertainment. Once you step inside this hidden and undisclosed extraordinary dreamland, you’ll blood will start pumping, your body beats with excitement and you’ll certainly get an adrenaline rush. The lights, the sounds, and even the smell off the 1930s will be a very unique experience and it will be something worth seeing. A night at Capone’s Dinner and Show will guarantee a night full of laughing and enjoyment as you watch their live performances. Their live performances are surely an event you wouldn’t want to miss. It is a very interesting and amusing, absorbing and humorous, and also engaging and diverting. This spectacular event at Capone’s Dinner and Show is something that is particularly special and idiosyncratic among many speakeasies and cabarets because they provide you with musical and comedic spectacles that are always ready and present to perform for your pleasure and merriment. In this amazing production, you are able to appreciate extremely talented and facetious and hilarious actors and actresses who seem very well qualified for their tasks. These personalities are very lighthearted and they give the audience a wonderful time at the same time as they relish the wonderful menu and cooking skills of the chef at Capone’s. This, as I have said before, is a very individual and one-of-a-kind type of business due to the fact that they do not only provide god quality food and excellent embellishments but they also provide a charming cast of characters that never fail to put a smile on every customer’s face and never fail to fill the whole cabaret with loud laughs. It is not in every speakeasy or cabaret that you have a very interactive audience and it is also not in every speakeasy or cabaret that children are in the crowd of happy customers. That is another reason as to why Capone’s Dinner and Show is so remarkable and unequaled. Everyone can enjoy, even children, because it is not the type of cabaret that is indecent, indelicate or vulgar. Even little youngsters are going to be able to appreciate such a place because comical entertainment is the type that can appeal to everyone. Everyone leaves happy from Capone’s Dinner and Show and everyone is bound to have an astounding and breathtaking time.

Business Communication Essay Example for Free

Business Communication Essay ?Introduction In this assignment I am required to explain the different types of business information used by the business organisation that I have chosen for example; verbal, written, non-verbal, non-written, multimedia etc. I will also be writing their sources and purposes and analysing the different types of information. I will then evaluate the appropriateness of business information used to make strategic decisions. The business that I have chosen is Sainsbury’s. Sainsbury’s is a public limited company (PLC). It is the second largest chains of supermarkets in the United Kingdom in the retailing business. Sainsbury’s was first established with a shop in Drury Lane, and then became the largest grocery retailer in 1922. Sainsbury’s provides food and drink, home and garden, technology, toys, entertainment, clothing and much more for their customers. This comes under the tertiary sector business that provides a valuable service that customers and other businesses are prepared to pay for. From where they had first started throughout the years they have expanded it by selling different varieties of products to satisfy their customers as well as giving them new products to purchase. Types of Information Source Purpose Analysis Verbal- Face to face communication about sales reports between staff and sales manager (meetings). Internal Source- Marketing Department. This is because this department deals with sales as they can give information about the results of research undertaken by Sainsbury’s. Face to face discussions could be used by the marketing department to explain/update by communicating sales promotions. Using this opportunity through the meeting the sales manager will also have an overview of how well the employees are doing their job. It is important for Sainsbury’s to have face to face meetings about sales reports often, so that the company itself knows what needs to be improved and how they are progressing currently. Marketing department helps  this type of verbal communication by updating the company using promotions and sales so they can achieve more profit for themselves and shareholders. Verbal-A telephone conversation about a customer enquiring about a product (staff helping a customer through telephone line checking if the product that customer wants is in stock). External Source- Customer Services Department. This is because customer services deals with customer’s issues or any enquiries they might have to do with the products or the store they can speak to a Sainsbury’s representative. A telephone conversation could be used by the customer’s services department to inform future developments on customer’s response to existing products and services. However Sainsbury’s doesn’t just deal with products, they deal with different types on insurances, mobiles, recruitment and so on. It is important for Sainsbury’s to have telephone conversations with customers because this way they are able to know customer’s opinions about certain topics and anything they would like to enquire about it e.g. products, services Sainsbury’s provide. The customer services department helps this type of communication by informing staff and managers about future developments. Verbal-Speeches about expanding on areas that need s improvement (increasing an amount of tills to avoid customers waiting for a long period of time in the queue). Internal Source- Production Department. This is in this specific department because with production they are able to know what areas need improving and so along with past and future levels of production, this department knows how to deal with it in detail. They are able to know what kind of costs Sainsbury’s will be dealing with in order to expand tills which will then move on to the marketing department. Speeches about expanding on areas that need improvement could be used by inviting support for activities so that Sainsbury’s can avoid bad service coming from their employees. This means an explanation needs to be given to employees and others as it is important for them to know why this new improvement in the business is happening. It is important for Sainsbury’s to have speeches on areas that need improvement because in order for the company to expand and improve, improvement on  amount of tills to avoid customers not only helps improve the company but attra cts more new and existing customers too. Also the production department can help as they can specify what areas need to be developed and write in detail about the costs and spacing will be needed to create the new tills for the store. Written-Web-based information about employment and recruitment (information of the company’s website about vacancies available). Internal Source- Human Resources. This is based in this department because human resources can provide information about the staffing and training within Sainsbury’s. Web-based information displays many benefits of multimedia technology. Web-based information about recruitment can be used by human resources to update knowledge and offer employment through multimedia technology. Sainsbury’s website gives different varieties of choices of job roles. They also provide specific searches to allow the people look for a specific store to work in and the kind of the job role they want. It is important for Sainsbury’s to have web based information about employment and recruitment because this helps the company employ people to work for them. It gives a chance for people to use the website find out what kind of vacancies the company has going on and what sort of rules too. It is important that the human resources department deals with this type of communication as they are aware of what kind of resources is needed to create/improve the website. Written-On screen information about sales, advertising, products and promotions on certain products (e.g. food, homecare, TU clothing etc). Internal Source- Marketing Department. This is sectioned in this department because marketing campaigns, promotions and information about the market, Sainsbury’s can take care of this department well. On screen information about sales and promotions could be used by inviting support for activities for a primary purpose of making a profit. By inviting support for activities they can increase more sales on other products to make more profit. It is important for Sainsbury’s to have on screen information about sales, advertising and promotions on products because with promotions on products the company not only will be able to expand by attracting more customers, b ut they will also be gaining more profit which means more shareholders too. It is important that the marketing department deals with advertising, sales and promotions, because they can give information about the results of research they  undertake, which means they can see what their competitors are doing and how their own company can make improvements. Written-Emails for queries regarding certain topics customer’s would like to discuss (Sainsbury’s bank, recruitment and website technical queries etc). External Source- Customer services department. This is based in the customer services department because consumers are able to discuss what kind of issues they want to with the company. Emails for queries regarding certain topics customers would like to discuss, could be used by informing future developments. This is because a business cannot develop and grow more than how much Sainsbury’s is wanting and aiming for if they do not hear what their customers have to say and so emails is one of the communication techniques so that Sainsbury’s can know their views on certain things. It is important that the company lets customers have access to emailing Sainsbury’s for any kind of queries customers would like to discuss. This is because their opinions and allowing them to express their views will help Sai nsbury’s improve/expand. If Sainsbury’s do this customers will feel satisfied that their opinions are being heard and action is being taken. Also it is important that the customer services department deal with this type of communication because Sainsbury’s can give consumers the information they are wanting to know about existing products or even providing a service. Non-Verbal-Deaf person wanting to know which isle in the store is a product in (asking a staff member). External Source-Human Resources. This is located in this department because employees within the stores can help customers who are deaf and wanting a product within the store hence asking help from a staff member. A deaf person wanting to know where a product is in the store could be used by inviting support for activities as information is very important and needs to be required through communications in order to support the business and keeping it running and successful. However for deaf people Sainsbury’s can hire employees that can communicate with deaf people using sign language. It is important in Sainsbury’s that a deaf person wanting to know where certain things are the employees of this company can help them. By doing this Sainsbury’s are able to show that they provide a service that many other stores might not offer. It is important that it is located in the human resources department because employees who can do sign language can help give information towards the customers who are deaf. Some of these  employees might need training for this and human resources department are able to sort that out for them. Multi-Media- PowerPoint presentation showing sales figures (how much profit they have made within 2 months). Internal Source- Finance Department. This is in this department because they will have information relating to Sainsbury’s performance including profit and loss figures, balance sheet and the costs of running Sainsbury’s. PowerPoint presentation showing sales figures could be used by updating knowledge for seeing how much profit they have made during a period of time. This is because so they can know what needs to be done IF they are making less profit. It also updates knowledge to see how well they are doing within sales figures. This is important in Sainsbury’s because PowerPoint presentations that show sales figures allows the company to know how much profit they have made and how well they are doing currently. It is important that the finance department deals with this because they will have an amount of information that includes costs, sales and how much profit the company is making.

Research On The Importance Of Market Efficiency Finance Essay

Research On The Importance Of Market Efficiency Finance Essay Liquidity is a very desirable characteristic for a financial market product. Moreover, efficient market is one where the market price is an unbiased estimate of the true value of the investment. The concept of efficiency is central to finance. Primarily, the term efficiency is used to describe a market in which relevant information is impounded into the price of financial assets. Efficiency is central to finance. Market efficiency is guided by two principles which are Information and competition. Systematic and good market efficiency leads to market pricing .Any buyer who is willing to buy a product wants to be fully satisfied with the product that the seller is selling to him. Past, present and even discounted future events are reflected in market price but often show no apparent relation to price changes. Efficient markets hypothesis does not rule out small abnormal returns, before fees and expenses. Analysts could therefore still have an incentive to acquire and act on valuable information, though investors would expect to review no more. Only new information should affect stock prices, price changes are random and unpredictable.While it was clear that markets cannot completely be efficient in the strong forms, there was striking support for the weak and semi- strong forms. All investors aim to maximize economic utility (in other words, to make as much money as possible, regardless of any other considerations). This is a key assumption of the efficient market hypothesis The Buyers know that what is going on in the market and what is the price everywhere All investors have access to the same information at the same time. This also comes from the efficient market hypothesis. In fact, real markets contain information asymmetry, insider trading, and those who are simply better informed than others boooks se shareholders.. Importance of market efficiency It is important to understand how securities are valued because these principles provides values to the managers to keep up in managing the business in good way as it can help in dealing with the owners best interest. If stock prices are formed inefficiently, that creates the potential for inappropriate investments in the economy. If stock prices accurately reflect future firm performance, then this creates the premises for efficient resource allocation. Even if sometimes errors are made in valuation, markets can be efficient. Even if many market participants are irrational, markets can be efficient. Markets dont allow investors to earn above-average risk-adjusted returns. Implications of market efficiency They suggest that markets reach quickly to the new public information. The conditions required for markets to exist are No one investor can affect the price of the security through their own buying or selling. Information is available to the market participants all time. Investors react quickly and fully to the new information Efficient Market Hypothesis The theory that markets are efficient and all available information keeps on fluctuating with the price at any given time. It reflects all information both public and private which means all the sectors. It is associated with idea of random walk which means that if the flow of information reflects the stock prices then next days prices will reflect only next days news and will be independent of price changes today. IMPORTANCE OF EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS Stakeholders can determine the effectiveness of the appointed management by observing the stock price. Anomalies The ease of experimenting with financial databanks of almost every conceivable dimension makes it quite likely that investigators will find some seemingly significant but wholly spurious correlation between financial variables or among financial and nonfinancial datasets. Moreover, the published literature is likely to be biased in favor of reporting such results. Significant effects are likely to be published in professional journals while negative results, or boring confirmations of previous findings, are relegated to the file drawer or discarded. Data-mining problems are unique to non experimental sciences, such as economics, which rely on statistical analysis for their insights and cannot test hypotheses by running repeated controlled experiments. Share prices can be highly sensitive as a result of rational responses to small changes in interest rates and risk perceptions. Suppose stocks are priced as the present value of the expected future stream of dividends. For a long-term holder of stocks, this rational principle of valuation translates to a formula: r = D/P + g, Where r is the rate of return, D/P is the (expected) dividend yield, and g is the long-term growth rate. For present purposes, consider r to be the required rate of return for the market as a whole. Suppose initially that the riskless rate of interest on government bonds is 9 percent and that the required additional risk premium for equity investors is 2 percentage points. In this case r will be 11 percent (0.09 + 0.02 = 0.11). If a typical stocks expected growth rate, g, is 7 percent and if the dividend is $4 per share, we can solve for the appropriate price of the stock index (P), obtaining 0.11 = 07.04$+P P = $100. Now assume that yields on government bonds rise from 9 to 10 Â ½ percent, with no increase in expected inflation, and that risk perceptions increase so that stock-market investors now demand a premium of 2 Â ½ percentage points instead of the 2 points in the previous example. The appropriate rate of return or discount rate for stocks, r, rises then from 11 percent to 13 percent (0.105 + 0.025), and the price of stock index falls from $100 to $66.67: 07.013.04$+=P 67.66$=P The Performance of Professional Investors Most convincing tests of market efficiency are direct tests of the ability of professional fund managers to outperform the market as a whole. Surely, if market prices were determined by irrational investors and systematically deviated from rational estimates of the present value of corporations, and if it was easy to spot predictable patterns in security returns or anomalous security prices, then professional fund managers should be able to beat the market. Direct tests of the actual performance of professionals, who often are compensated with strong incentives to outperform the market, should represent the most compelling evidence of market efficiency Empirical Evidence Weak form efficiency is very well supported, and it is reasonable to conclude that markets are weak form efficient, although a few anomalies do exist.All information that can be derived from past performance: prices, trading volumes Semi-strong form efficiency is well supported; however, more contradictory evidence exists for this version of the EMH than for the weak form.Fundamental information, quality of management, accounting standards. Strong form efficiency is not very well supported by the evidence, and it is reasonable to conclude that markets are not strong form efficient in the strictest sense.All information about a firm, including information available only to insiders Active portfolio management Serious analyses could to pay off but they come at a very high cost and are only feasible for the managers. Passive Portfolio Management Invest in a well diversified portfolio without attempting to outperform the market. It is suggested by Efficient Market Hypothesis as compared to active portfolio management. . Elements of market efficiency Operational Efficiency The transaction cost are low which enhances the trading of securities Informational Efficiency It is one of the most important efficiency as compared to other two as it quickly reflects the market price Allocational Efficiency Securities to allocate risk Implications for investors Technical analysis TO BE REWWARDED Fundamental analysis UNLIKELY TO BE GENERATING ABNORMAL PROFIT. Investors should focus on an investing which gives them good return. Active trading strategies -UNLIKELY TO OUTPERFORM PASSIVE BUY AND HOLD STRATEGIES Implications for Corporate Finance Stock prices at historical lows are likely to go up Mean reverting interest rates means that when interest rates are high based on historical levels they are likely to come down Implications of regulators Holders of securities in a company should be treated in a fair and equitable manner Accounting and auditing standards should be of a high and internationally acceptable quality CONCLUSIONS That an efficient market is one that reacts quickly and relatively accurately to new information, and therefore its prices are correct on average. That the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is tested in three forms; weak, semi-strong and strong. That empirical evidence suggests that markets are reasonably efficient, but not perfectly so. Investors and corporate officers should modify their behaviours and expectations in light of the evidence of market efficiency. As long as stock markets exist, the collective judgment of investors will sometimes make mistakes. Some market participants are less than rational. The market cannot be perfectly efficient or there would be no incentive for professionals to uncover the information that gets so quickly reflected in market prices Grossman and Stiglitz (1980). Undoubtedly, with the passage of time and with the increasing sophistication of our databases and empirical techniques, we will document further apparent departures from efficiency and further patterns in the development of stock returns. But I suspect that the end result will not be an abandonment of the belief of many in the profession that the stock market is remarkably efficient in its utilization of information. If any $100 bills are lying around the stock exchanges of the world, they will not be there for long.

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley :: Papers

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley I am going to explore how J.B Priestley expresses his ideas and concerns about society through the characters Mr. Birling and Inspector Goole in "An Inspector Calls". Priestley's Ideas and concerns were similar to Dickens's in "A Christmas Carol", they both had concerns that the rich were not looking after the poor and that they were not taking responsibilities for their own effect on those less fortunate. They both stress the idea that the poor should be given a helping hand to get their own money, not just be punished for being poor because that doesn't help. J.B Priestley set the play in 1912 because so much had happen between the period he had set the play and written it (1945), which meant that the audience would be knowledgeable about the time and he could then use dramatic irony very effectively. Dramatic irony is where the audience has knowledge that gives additional meaning to a characters words, Priestley uses this technique with the character Mr Birling to show that he didn't have a clue about what he was talking about like other rich people of the time. Mr Birling says "the Titanicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable" the Titanic sunk on its maiden voyage. As the audience knew this fact, and as the audience will know they realized Mr Birling was wrong so this causes dramatic irony. He also talks about WW1 "just because the Kaiser makes a speech or two, or a few German officers have too much to drink and begin to talk nonsense, you'll hear some people say that war is inevitable. And to that I say - fiddlesticks!" and of cause the war did happened, well two wars happened between 1912 and 1945. Birling also says the workers won't revolt and the labour party will never grow and again he is wrong. The effect of using dramatic irony to make Mr Birling look ignorant even though he is financially successful is to show that even thought some people maybe be rich doesn't mean they now more about

The Living Dead Essay -- The Return of the Living Dead Horror Films Es

The Living Dead Since the beginning of film, people have been spellbound by horror movies. They seem to excite the viewer with emotions of fright, excitement and thrill. And since there have been horror movies there have been monsters to bring fright to the viewers during and after the movie. A common monster that can be found in multiple films is the zombie; also know as the living dead. One of the greatest living dead directors and screenplay writers would have to be George A. Romero. From his famous trilogy of living dead movies his final installment, Day of the Dead, proved to the world that zombies can be just as scary as any other horror monsters. He was thought as the only horror director that could make a good horror picture with the living dead. Then in 1985, a director and screenplay writer by the name of Dan O’Brian created the movie, The Return of the Living Dead, which regenerated the genre of the living dead. The Return of the Living Dead and Day of the Dead, both share a common theme that the living dead will always prevail over the living. The Return of the Living Dead begins with Freddy on his first day on the job at a medical supply store. Freddy and a coworker unintentionally release a nerve gas from a secret U.S. military canister. Before they realize what they have done the dead in the shop start coming to life. Thinking the problem can be solved by disposing of the evidence in the store they ask a cremator to burn the bodies. When he agrees and the bodies are burned, unknowing to them the fumes from the smoke cause the gas to rain around the surrounding cemetery. Unfortunately a group of teenagers are partying in the cemetery when the dead start rising from their graves. Before anyone ... ...ach other in the wilderness. So again in indirect ways the living dead have triumphed over living by making them run away from everything they know, into a primitive life environment. Therefore throughout the entire movie the living dead triumphed over the living. The theme that the living dead will always overcome the living is displayed throughout the movies The Return of the Living Dead and Day of the Dead. Both movies showed that this theme came in both direct and indirect contact from the living dead. Most importantly both of these movies created a creature that could not be contained by the living. This puts fright back into the viewer that if one of these stories became true we would have no way of stopping the living dead. So the next time someone makes a joke about the dead coming to life remember that if it does happen this is no hope for mankind.

Employer Rights and Responsibilites Essay

Their are certain laws in place which cover employment. Employment law is likely to have a profound impact on employees throughout their working lives. It governs the employment of every employee and working in the UK. Any worker or employee working in the UK is entitled to certain employment rights, and protected by employment law. Employment law does not always work in the favour of the employed as it also protects the rights of employers too. There are numerous employment rights. It is important for these laws to be fully understood, otherwise it is possible to end up going down the route of unfair dismissal and discrimination claims. It is vital an employee stays on top of the law with regard to the following: Breach of contract, Workplace Bullying, Compromise Agreements, Constructive Dismissal , Data Protection, Disciplinary procedures and suspension, Discrimination, Flexible Working, Health and Safety, Holidays, Maternity and Paternity rights, Redundancy, Sexual Harrassment and Sickness Absence. Many pieces of lawful legislation have been grouped together into more recent Acts which cover existing Acts known as regulations and identified as statutory fundaments of the more recent act implemented. Please see below laws and legislations which cover employment: Employment Rights Act 1996 – This act is the main act which covers majority of the areas in employent. These areas will be covered in the worklace as company policies and procedures, which will outline the laws and legislations in place. It includes the protection of wages, Guarantee payments, protection from suffering detriment in employment, time off work, dependants, study and training, suspension from work, Maternity-Adoption-Paternity-Parrental leave, flexible working, termination of employment, unfair dismissal and redundancy. National Minimum Wage Act 1988 – Creates a minimum wage across the United Kingdom, currently ? 6. 19 per hour for workers aged 21 years and older, ? 4. 98 per hour for workers aged 18-20 years old. This act too effect on 1st April 1999. There was no national minimum wage before 1988 and often workers were most vulnerable to low pay. The national minimum wage act is universally applicable to anyone who has a contract to do work, except for a consumer or a client. The Working Time Regulations 1998 – a United Kingdom statutory instrument which regulate the time that people in the UK may work. The regulations apply to all workers and not just employees. The regulations stipulate minimum rest breaks, daily rest, weekly rest and the maximum average working week. It sets a default rule which, although one may opt out of it, that workers may work no more than 48 hours per week. It also grants a mandatory right to paid annual leave of at least a minimum of 28 days (including bank holidays and public holidays). It creates the right to a minimum period of rest of 20 minutes in any shift lasting over 6 hours. Disability Discrimination Act 2005 – This act ensures that people with a disability are treated fairly. This act enables disabled people to have equal rights with accessing their local community, using public transport, working and applying for jobs and joining clubs. Renting out a property, study and education. Equality Act 2010 – This act requires equal treatment in access to employment as well as private and public services, regardless of the protected characteristics of age disability, gender, reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. In the case of gender there are special protections for pregnant women. In the case of disability, employers and service providers are under a duty to make reasonable adjustments to their workplaces to overcome barriers experienced by disabled people. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 – This is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which protects men and women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marriage. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 – This act defines the fundamental structure and authority for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom. The act defines general duties employers, employees and contactors, suppliers of goods and substances for use at work, persons in control of work premises, and those who manage and maintain them, and persons in general. The act lays down certain principles for the management of health and safety at work, enabling the creation of specific requirements through regulations enacted at statutory instruments or through codes of practices. The following are some of the statutory instruments that lay down detailed requirements: Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations 1992 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 There was also the intention with this Act to simplify the existing complex and confused system of legislation. This act sets out the objectives for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work; protecting persons other than those at work against risks to healtha nd safety arising out of or in connection of activities of persons at work; controlling the keeping and use of explosive or highly flammable or otherwise dangerous substances, and generally preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of such substances. Having used various resources to research for this question on employment law, I have taken the time to go through my own company policies and procedures folders. There are three large folders for policies and procedures all of which cover all the government laws, legislatons and regulations expected to be followed. I have chosen to continue this question by referring to a number of my company policies and procedures, their key features and identifying which government law, legislation and regulation they support. RIDDOR – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 – Outlines the requirements and arrangements for incidents which are legally required to be reported to the Health and Safety authorities. Some types of incidents may be reported to the health and safety authorities and also be reported as a clinical incident to the care quality commission. Fire Safety – This supports the regulatory reform Fire Safety Order 2005. Outlines the arrangements which are implemented to enable fire safety risks at the company premises to be assessed and to identify adequate physical and procedural controls including key elements such as staff training essential to be implemented. It outlines the responsibilities and fire safety risk assessment. There are details for what is essential to be put into a fire safety risk assessment such as fired doors, fire exits and alarms. First Aid – This outlines the necessary procedures to be carried out for service users, staff or visitors to be treated for injury or sudden illness promptly and safety until placed in the care of a professional or moved to hospital. It supports the government laws of Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 and Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996. Stated within is how records of first aid treatment should be made along with first aid training to be completed and refreshed at the correct times, usually necessary for renewal every 12 months. COSHH – Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 – In place to ensure all health and safety risks of hazardous substances are assesed and controlled in accordances with the legal requirements. It supports the following lawful legislation in place; The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002, Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 and Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. The company undertakes a wide rang of activities which can have a potential to expose employees and others to substances hazardous to their healt and safety. The purpose of the policy is to lay down a consistant approach to undertaking risk assessments of such work and to implement controls, so as to achieve effective protection of employees and ensure consistency. Manual Handling – Intended to ensure the provision of equipment to minimise the moving and handling of patients manually by staff. It supports Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992. It explains how manual handling is one of the most common causes of injuy at work and can lead to serious injuries. It expects appropriate practical training to be given before manual handling takes place. There must be a risk assessment in place. Explained within is the correct equipment required for manual handling to be carried out correctly. Any injuries at work sustained are required for the person to complete an accident form. Before a person who has injured themselves can resume with manual handling activities they must have an occupational health assessment. PPE – Personal Protective Equipment – Aims for protective clothing suitable for work to be provided. It supports Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, Ionising Radiatiosn Regulations 2002, Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 and Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 2002. I It expects protective items to be provided. Equipment such as hearing protection, eye protection, protective footwear, a protective mask or respirator, high visibility clothing, a welding visor or a hard hat, aprons, latex gloves etc. There is a high degree of user choice as to when and whether the protection is worn. Often the procedure to ensure people are using the protective equipment provided is a result of a disciplinary action. Employees do not pay for PPE, the company is to provide this.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Benjamin Town 31 August 2012 A Ray of Hope â€Å"Sinners in the hands of an angry God† was preached by Jonathan Edwards during a time when the people were relying on science more than their saviour in heaven, a time when people were lacking in their spiritual needs. This speech opened the eyes of many, and was so powerful it may very well have been the trigger of the great awakening. But why was this speech so powerful? Why did this speech change the lives of thousands?As we can see he used plenty of persuasive techniques, he is very descriptive in his imagery and uses simple metaphors to persuade thousands to repent of their sinful ways and turn to Christ. He planted fear and guilt into their hearts. This sermon is a sermon full of anger and fright, a sermon powerful enough to make the strongest man cry and weep. But the true purpose of this sermon was to bring hope to a nation in need.It ultimately was a message of redemption, a message that Jonathan Edwards believed people needed to hear. Although Edward’s message was designed to torment and terrify the listeners it was ultimately a message of hope to all people who were sinning and turning on God. He uses simple imagery to connect to his audience who were mostly illiterate. He compares God’s wrath to â€Å"Great Waters† he says â€Å"the wrath of God is like great waters that area dammed for the present, they increase more and more and rise higher and higher†.Just by knowing that an all-powerful God is mad at you would cause fear, but to know that His wrath towards you is growing greater and greater would cause even more fear and uneasiness to the listeners. But he then says God’s wrath will flood the earth only if he chooses to open the flood gates which give the listeners a glimpse of hope. Jonathan Edwards uses metaphors to connect to the people’s everyday lives.He tells them that their sin is as â€Å"heavy as led† and will pull them straight down to hell. â€Å"Your wickedness makes you as it were as heavy as lead, and to tend downward with great weight and pressure toward hell, and if God should let you go you would immediately sink and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf† by knowing that God holding you is the only thing that’s keeping you from hell would put fear and guilt into the listeners hearts, but as we can see he once again says â€Å"if†. If God should let you go†, he is continually reminding them that God is in control of everything, and will only destroy them if they do not repent from there sinful ways. There is still a chance to change, there is still hope. â€Å"Sinners in the hands of an angry God† was an exceptionally well thought and written sermon. Jonathan Edwards was effectively able to move the hearts of many by using simple imagery and metaphors that connected to the people’s everyday lives.Jonathan Edwards also managed to effectively connected to people’s emotions, he struck fear and guilt to all those who heard his sermon. He wanted his listeners to be aware that their behaviour on earth was important, that they were doomed to certain hell. But when they thought all was lost they were given a ray of hope, the realization that God can forgive them of their sins and that they will not go to hell if and only if they repent of their sinful ways. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Benjamin Town 31 August 2012 A Ray of Hope â€Å"Sinners in the hands of an angry God† was preached by Jonathan Edwards during a time when the people were relying on science more than their saviour in heaven, a time when people were lacking in their spiritual needs. This speech opened the eyes of many, and was so powerful it may very well have been the trigger of the great awakening. But why was this speech so powerful? Why did this speech change the lives of thousands?As we can see he used plenty of persuasive techniques, he is very descriptive in his imagery and uses simple metaphors to persuade thousands to repent of their sinful ways and turn to Christ. He planted fear and guilt into their hearts. This sermon is a sermon full of anger and fright, a sermon powerful enough to make the strongest man cry and weep. But the true purpose of this sermon was to bring hope to a nation in need.It ultimately was a message of redemption, a message that Jonathan Edwards believed people needed to hear. Although Edward’s message was designed to torment and terrify the listeners it was ultimately a message of hope to all people who were sinning and turning on God. He uses simple imagery to connect to his audience who were mostly illiterate. He compares God’s wrath to â€Å"Great Waters† he says â€Å"the wrath of God is like great waters that area dammed for the present, they increase more and more and rise higher and higher†.Just by knowing that an all-powerful God is mad at you would cause fear, but to know that His wrath towards you is growing greater and greater would cause even more fear and uneasiness to the listeners. But he then says God’s wrath will flood the earth only if he chooses to open the flood gates which give the listeners a glimpse of hope. Jonathan Edwards uses metaphors to connect to the people’s everyday lives.He tells them that their sin is as â€Å"heavy as led† and will pull them straight down to hell. â€Å"Your wickedness makes you as it were as heavy as lead, and to tend downward with great weight and pressure toward hell, and if God should let you go you would immediately sink and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf† by knowing that God holding you is the only thing that’s keeping you from hell would put fear and guilt into the listeners hearts, but as we can see he once again says â€Å"if†. If God should let you go†, he is continually reminding them that God is in control of everything, and will only destroy them if they do not repent from there sinful ways. There is still a chance to change, there is still hope. â€Å"Sinners in the hands of an angry God† was an exceptionally well thought and written sermon. Jonathan Edwards was effectively able to move the hearts of many by using simple imagery and metaphors that connected to the people’s everyday lives.Jonathan Edwards also managed to effectively connected to people’s emotions, he struck fear and guilt to all those who heard his sermon. He wanted his listeners to be aware that their behaviour on earth was important, that they were doomed to certain hell. But when they thought all was lost they were given a ray of hope, the realization that God can forgive them of their sins and that they will not go to hell if and only if they repent of their sinful ways.

Effect of Video Games Essay

A video game is an electronic game that involves human interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The word videoin video game traditionally referred to cathode ray tube (CRT) display device, but it now implies any type of display device that can produce two or three dimensional images. The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles .These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld devices. Specialized video games such as arcade games, while previously common, have gradually declined in use. Video games have gone on to become an art form and industry. The input device used to manipulate video games is called a game controller, and varies across platforms. For example, a controller might consist of only a button and a joystick, while another may feature a dozen buttons and one or more joysticks. Early personal computer games often needed a keyboard for game play, or more commonly, required the user to buy a separate joystick with at least one button. Many modern computer games allow or require the player to use a keyboard and a mouse simultaneously. A few of the most common game controllers are gamepads, mouse’s, keyboards, and joysticks. Video games typically use additional means of providing interactivity and information to the player. Audio is almost universal, using sound reproduction devices, such as speakers and headphones. Other feedback may come via haptic peripherals, such as vibration or force feedback, with vibration sometimes used to simulate force feedback. In the early days of cartridge consoles, they were sometimes called TV games. Early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a † Cathode ray tube Amusement Device† was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992. Inspired by radar display tech, it consisted of an analog device that allowed a user to control a vector-drawn dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which were drawings fixed to the screen. Other early examples include: * The NIMROD computer at the 1951 Festival of Britain * * OXO a tic-tac-toe Computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC * in 1952 * Tennis for Two, an interactive game engineered by William Higinbotham in 1958 The term â€Å"platform† refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term â€Å"system† is also commonly used. In common use a â€Å"PC game† refers to a form of media that involves a player interacting with a IBM PC compatible personal computer connected to a video monitor. A â€Å"console game† is played on a specialized electronic device that connects to a common television setor composite video monitor. A â€Å"handheld† gaming device is a self-contained electronic device that is portable and can be held in a user’s hands. â€Å"Arcade game† generally refers to a game played on an even more specialized type of electronic device that is typically designed to play only one game and is encased in a special cabinet. These distinctions are not always clear and there may be games that bridge one or more platforms. In addition to personal computers, there are multiple other devices which have the ability to play games but are not dedicated video game machines, such as mobile phones, PDAs and graphing calculators. With the advent of social networking and other online applications hubs, the term â€Å"platform† started being used to refer to the online service within which the game is played, regardless of the actual hardware on which it is executed. A game’s platform could simply be â€Å"Facebook†, whether it is played on a Windows PC, Mac, Smart TV, or smartphone. Statement of the problem : 1.) What is the negative effects of video games to teenager? 2.) What is the positive effects of video games to teenager? 3.) Does game violence make teens aggressive? Scope and limitation Development in technology brings many things that people don’t have many years back. One of these things is online gaming that is provided by the internet. Online gaming is one of the widely used leisure activities by many people. Teenagers who are playing these online games said that they are playing these games just for fun, to keep away from the heat of the sun, without knowing that there are a lot of effects of playing these games that are more than what they think. Playing online games, according to some research is beneficial. It enables the mind of the players to be more active , especially those puzzle-based games. It helps the player to come up with decisions in tight situations, especially those adventure games that keep the players to be alert, active and strategic. Playing these types of games makes the player experienced different feelings because it is as if the player is really the one taking the challenges. Despite those benefits, playing these games also bring negative effects. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE RELATED LITERATURE â€Å"Computer Gaming Effects to the Academic Performance among High school students† – The internet and online gaming industry has grown considerably over the past decade. As the advent of internet occurs, online gaming is undisputedly popular to the students and that online gaming has become high school students’ favorite leisure choice. Most of the High school students in these times are seen on internet sites and spending their money for them to be ready on their battle online. Because of this widespread, parents and educators are concerned about the doable effects on the academic performance among high school students. The most common question discusses about how it affects the academic performance of the gamer. Not surprisingly, gaming culture has become a polarizing force in our society, as well. â€Å"The Effects of Computer Games to the Academic Performance of Aims Students† – Computer addiction is a relatively new term used to describe a d ependency on one’s computer. Computer addiction is not limited to personal computers (PCs). It covers video games and the Internet and has already been given a label by psychologists, namely Internet addiction disorder (IAD). People can grow addicted to a variety of substances, and there is usually a substantial amount of help available to treat them. Alcohol, drugs and sex have all been known to bring out the addictive personality trait in some people, but other forms of addictive behavior, such as exercise, watching television or spending too much time on a computer, have only recently been recognized. Computer addiction, like any addiction, can creep up on a person without one being aware of it. Talk shows are full of people whose relationships have been torn apart by one partner’s computer addiction. Spending hours chatting online, surfing the web or playing computer games can cause relationships to deteriorate as other parts of a person’s life are neglected.

Lexical Stylistic Devices

LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Metaphor Genuine metaphors Trite(dead) metaphors Metonymy Metonymy Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated: ‘The White House said†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (the American government) ; the press (newspapers and magazines); the cradle(infancy, place of origin);the grave(death); The hall applauded; The marble spoke; The kettle is boiling; I am fond of Agatha Christie; We didn’t speak because there were ears all around us; He was about a sentence away from needing plastic surgery . Synecdoche SimileShe passed through the grove like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed across the garden. Cliche I want to die young at a ripe old age. Irony Irony Well done! A fine friend you are! ‘What a noble illustration of the tender laws of this favoured country! – they let the poor go to sleep! ’                Irony must not be confused with humour, although they have very much in common. Humour always causes laughter. But the function of irony is not to produce a humorous effect. Irony is generally used to convey a negative feeling: irritation, displeasure, pity or regret. EpithetEpithet coveys the subjective attitude of the writer as it is used to characterize an object and pointing out to the reader some properties or features of the object. Epithet aims at evaluation of these properties or features. Heart-burning smile; wild winds; fantastic terrors; voiceless sands;                unearthly beauty; deep feelings; sleepless bay. Fixed epithets (stock images) are mostly used in ballads and folk-songs: ‘true love’, ‘dark forest’, ‘sweet Sir’, green wood’; ‘good ship’, ‘brave cavaliers’. From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be divided into simple, compound, phrase and sentence epithets.Simple: dreary midnight; brilliant answer; sweet smile. Compound: heart-braking si gh; good-for-nothing fellow; Phrase epithets and sentence epithets: 1. ‘Personally I detest her (Giaconda’s) smug, mystery-making, come-hither-but-go-away-again-because-butter-wouldn’t-melt-in-my-mouth expression’. 2. There is a sort of ‘Oh–what–a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler’ expression about Montmorency that has been known to bring to tea s into the eyes of pious old ladies and gentlemen.The reversed epithets, or metaphorical, are of two types: 1) two nouns are linked in an of-phrase: a devil of a job; ‘A little Flying Dutchman of a cab’2) The predicative is in the inverted position: ‘Fools that they are’; ‘Wicked as he is’                Transferred epithets describe the state of a human being but referred to an animate object: sleepless pillow; unbreakfasted morning; merry hours; an indifferent shoulder; sick chambers. Ox ymoron Oxymoron is a combination of two words in which their meaning clash, being opposite in sense:                Sweet sorrow; pleasantly ugly face; deafening silence; horribly beautiful.The following example describes the author’s attitude to New York: ‘I despise its vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers of any town I ever saw. (Satiric mocking) Allusion Allusion is reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological, biblical or everyday life character or event, commonly known. As a rule no indication of the source is given. It’s his Achilles heel. Antonomasia Antonomasia is intended to point out the leading, most characteristic features of a person or of event.It categorizes the person and simultaneously indicates both the general and the particular. Antonomasia can be defined as a variety of allusion:                Vralman, Molchalin, Mr. Zero, Do n Juan. Metalepsis Metalepsis is a reference to something remotely associated with the theme of the speech. ‘I’ve got to go catch the worm tomorrow morning. ’ said Mary. (The early bird catches the worm- a proverb) Zeugma Zeugma (syllepsis) is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations. It creates a semantic incongruity which is often humorous: 1.He lost his hat and his temper. 2. ‘†¦and covered themselves with dust and glory. -Mark Twain 3. Oae ai? au e aaa nooaaioa. Iaei a aaeioao, a? oaie – a oieaa? neoao. 4. The alphabet was above the blackboard and friendly atmosphere was there. 5. ‘And May’s mother always stood on her gentility; and Dora’s mother never stood on anything but her active feet’. Pun Pun (also known as paronomasia) is a deliberate confusion of similar – sounding words for humorous effect. Puns are often used in jokes and riddles. E. g. 1. What is the difference b etween a schoolmaster and an engine-driver? One trains the mind and the other minds the train. ) 2. The name Justin Time sounds like ‘just in time’ 3. I have no idea how worms reproduce but you often find them in pairs (pears). 4. Officer. -What steps (measures) would you take if an enemy tank were coming towards you? Soldier. – Long ones. Interjections and Exclamatory Words Interjections and Exclamatory Words are used to express our strong feelings; they are conventional symbols of human emotions. The interjection is not a sentence; it is a word with strong emotive meaning. Interjections radiate the emotional element over the whole utterance.Here are some of the meanings that can be expressed by interjections: joy, delight, admiration, approval, disbelief, astonishment, fright, regret, dissatisfaction, boredom, sadness, blame, reproach, protest, horror, irony, sarcasm, self-assurance, despair, disgust, surprise, sorrow, and many others. Oh! Ah! Pooh! Gosh! Alas! Heavens! Dear me! God! Come on! Look here! By the Lord! Bless me! Humbug! Terrible! Awful! Great! Wonderful! Fine! Man! Boy! Why! Well! Periphrasis Periphrasis denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and planer form of expression.It is also called circumlocution due to the round-about or indirect way to name a familiar object. There are traditional periphrases which are not stylistic devices, they are synonymic expressions: The giver of rings, the victor lord, the leader of hosts (king), the play of swords(battle), a shield-bearer(warrior), the cap and gown (student), the fair sex (women), my better half (my wife). The traditional periphrasis is an important feature of epic poetry. Periphrasis as stylistic device is a new, genuine nomination of an object. Stylistic periphrasis can be divided into logical and figurative. Logical: instruments of destruction (pistols), he most pardonable of human weaknesses (love). Figurative periphrasis is based either on metaphor or on metonymy. To tie the knot (to marry), the punctual servant of all work (the sun). There is little difference between metaphor or metonymy and periphrasis. Euphemisms Euphemism is a word or a phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression: to die=to pass away, to be no more, to depart, to join the majority, to be gone; to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So, euphemisms are synonyms which aim to produce a mild effect. Euphemisms may be divided into several groups:                1) religious, 2) oral, 3) medical, 4) parliamentary. a woman of a certain type(whore), to glow(to sweat),mental hospital(madhouse), the big C(cancer), sanitation worker(garbage man). Meiosis/Understatement Meiosis/Understatement is a figure of speech which intentionally understates something or implies that it is less in significance, size, than it really is. For example, a lawyer defending a schoolboy who set fire to school, might call the fact of arson a â €˜prank’ (i? iaaeea). Hyperbole Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a phenomenon or an object. He was so tall that I could not see his face. Proverbs and SayingsProverbs and sayings are brief statements showing in condensed form life experience of the community and serving as conventional symbols for abstract ideas. They are usually didactic and image rearing. Proverbs and sayings have some typical features: rhythm, sometimes rhyme and or alliteration. 1. ‘Early to bed and early to rise, 2. Out of sight, out of mind. Iineiaeou iaeaaa? o aoeaaeuiui e/eee ia? aiiniui niuneii. Aeaia ioeoa ii iieaoo. Iiaiai? ee eia? o oieuei aoeaaeuiue ieai. Ai? y aiyouny- n? anouy ia aeaaou. Epigrams Epigrams are terse, witty statements, showing the turn of mind of the originator.Epigram is a stylistic device akin to a proverb, the only difference being that epigrams are coined by people whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the people. ‘A G od that can be understood is not a God. ’ Quotations Quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech and the like used by the way of illustration, proof or as a basis for further speculation on the matter. By repeating the utterance in a new environment, we attach to the utterance an importance. Allegory Allegory is a device by which the names of objects or characters are used figuratively, representing some more general things, good or bad ualities. A type of allegory is Personification. Personification Personification is a form of comparison in which human characteristics, such as emotions, personality, behaviuor and so on, are attributed to an animal, object or idea. The proud lion surveyed his kingdom. The primary function of personification is to make abstract ideas clearer to the reader by comparing them to everyday human experience. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,                Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth y ear! Personification is often represented by the masculine or feminine pronouns for the names of animals, objects or forces of nature.He is used for the Sun, the Wind , for the names of animals (The Cat that walked all by himself), for abstract notions associated with strength and fierceness-Death, Fear, War, Love. She is used for what is regarded as rather gentle (the Moon, Nature, Beauty, Hope, Mercy. In neutral style there also some associations of certain nouns and gender. The names of countries, if the country is not considered as a mere geographical territory, are referred to as feminine (England is proud of her poets). The names of vessels and vehicles are also referred as feminine.Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism is the form of personification consisting of creating imagery persons of inanimate objects. Common examples include naming one’s car or begging a machine to work. The use of anthropomorphized animals has a long tradition in literature and art. They are used to portray stereotypical characters, in order to quickly convey the characteristics the author intends them to possess. Examples include Aesop’s fables, famous television characters, Tom and Jerry, Mickey Mouse and a lot of other funny animals. Lexical Stylistic Devices LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Metaphor Genuine metaphors Trite(dead) metaphors Metonymy Metonymy Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated: ‘The White House said†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (the American government) ; the press (newspapers and magazines); the cradle(infancy, place of origin);the grave(death); The hall applauded; The marble spoke; The kettle is boiling; I am fond of Agatha Christie; We didn’t speak because there were ears all around us; He was about a sentence away from needing plastic surgery . Synecdoche SimileShe passed through the grove like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed across the garden. Cliche I want to die young at a ripe old age. Irony Irony Well done! A fine friend you are! ‘What a noble illustration of the tender laws of this favoured country! – they let the poor go to sleep! ’                Irony must not be confused with humour, although they have very much in common. Humour always causes laughter. But the function of irony is not to produce a humorous effect. Irony is generally used to convey a negative feeling: irritation, displeasure, pity or regret. EpithetEpithet coveys the subjective attitude of the writer as it is used to characterize an object and pointing out to the reader some properties or features of the object. Epithet aims at evaluation of these properties or features. Heart-burning smile; wild winds; fantastic terrors; voiceless sands;                unearthly beauty; deep feelings; sleepless bay. Fixed epithets (stock images) are mostly used in ballads and folk-songs: ‘true love’, ‘dark forest’, ‘sweet Sir’, green wood’; ‘good ship’, ‘brave cavaliers’. From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be divided into simple, compound, phrase and sentence epithets.Simple: dreary midnight; brilliant answer; sweet smile. Compound: heart-braking si gh; good-for-nothing fellow; Phrase epithets and sentence epithets: 1. ‘Personally I detest her (Giaconda’s) smug, mystery-making, come-hither-but-go-away-again-because-butter-wouldn’t-melt-in-my-mouth expression’. 2. There is a sort of ‘Oh–what–a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler’ expression about Montmorency that has been known to bring to tea s into the eyes of pious old ladies and gentlemen.The reversed epithets, or metaphorical, are of two types: 1) two nouns are linked in an of-phrase: a devil of a job; ‘A little Flying Dutchman of a cab’2) The predicative is in the inverted position: ‘Fools that they are’; ‘Wicked as he is’                Transferred epithets describe the state of a human being but referred to an animate object: sleepless pillow; unbreakfasted morning; merry hours; an indifferent shoulder; sick chambers. Ox ymoron Oxymoron is a combination of two words in which their meaning clash, being opposite in sense:                Sweet sorrow; pleasantly ugly face; deafening silence; horribly beautiful.The following example describes the author’s attitude to New York: ‘I despise its vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers of any town I ever saw. (Satiric mocking) Allusion Allusion is reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological, biblical or everyday life character or event, commonly known. As a rule no indication of the source is given. It’s his Achilles heel. Antonomasia Antonomasia is intended to point out the leading, most characteristic features of a person or of event.It categorizes the person and simultaneously indicates both the general and the particular. Antonomasia can be defined as a variety of allusion:                Vralman, Molchalin, Mr. Zero, Do n Juan. Metalepsis Metalepsis is a reference to something remotely associated with the theme of the speech. ‘I’ve got to go catch the worm tomorrow morning. ’ said Mary. (The early bird catches the worm- a proverb) Zeugma Zeugma (syllepsis) is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations. It creates a semantic incongruity which is often humorous: 1.He lost his hat and his temper. 2. ‘†¦and covered themselves with dust and glory. -Mark Twain 3. Oae ai? au e aaa nooaaioa. Iaei a aaeioao, a? oaie – a oieaa? neoao. 4. The alphabet was above the blackboard and friendly atmosphere was there. 5. ‘And May’s mother always stood on her gentility; and Dora’s mother never stood on anything but her active feet’. Pun Pun (also known as paronomasia) is a deliberate confusion of similar – sounding words for humorous effect. Puns are often used in jokes and riddles. E. g. 1. What is the difference b etween a schoolmaster and an engine-driver? One trains the mind and the other minds the train. ) 2. The name Justin Time sounds like ‘just in time’ 3. I have no idea how worms reproduce but you often find them in pairs (pears). 4. Officer. -What steps (measures) would you take if an enemy tank were coming towards you? Soldier. – Long ones. Interjections and Exclamatory Words Interjections and Exclamatory Words are used to express our strong feelings; they are conventional symbols of human emotions. The interjection is not a sentence; it is a word with strong emotive meaning. Interjections radiate the emotional element over the whole utterance.Here are some of the meanings that can be expressed by interjections: joy, delight, admiration, approval, disbelief, astonishment, fright, regret, dissatisfaction, boredom, sadness, blame, reproach, protest, horror, irony, sarcasm, self-assurance, despair, disgust, surprise, sorrow, and many others. Oh! Ah! Pooh! Gosh! Alas! Heavens! Dear me! God! Come on! Look here! By the Lord! Bless me! Humbug! Terrible! Awful! Great! Wonderful! Fine! Man! Boy! Why! Well! Periphrasis Periphrasis denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and planer form of expression.It is also called circumlocution due to the round-about or indirect way to name a familiar object. There are traditional periphrases which are not stylistic devices, they are synonymic expressions: The giver of rings, the victor lord, the leader of hosts (king), the play of swords(battle), a shield-bearer(warrior), the cap and gown (student), the fair sex (women), my better half (my wife). The traditional periphrasis is an important feature of epic poetry. Periphrasis as stylistic device is a new, genuine nomination of an object. Stylistic periphrasis can be divided into logical and figurative. Logical: instruments of destruction (pistols), he most pardonable of human weaknesses (love). Figurative periphrasis is based either on metaphor or on metonymy. To tie the knot (to marry), the punctual servant of all work (the sun). There is little difference between metaphor or metonymy and periphrasis. Euphemisms Euphemism is a word or a phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression: to die=to pass away, to be no more, to depart, to join the majority, to be gone; to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So, euphemisms are synonyms which aim to produce a mild effect. Euphemisms may be divided into several groups:                1) religious, 2) oral, 3) medical, 4) parliamentary. a woman of a certain type(whore), to glow(to sweat),mental hospital(madhouse), the big C(cancer), sanitation worker(garbage man). Meiosis/Understatement Meiosis/Understatement is a figure of speech which intentionally understates something or implies that it is less in significance, size, than it really is. For example, a lawyer defending a schoolboy who set fire to school, might call the fact of arson a â €˜prank’ (i? iaaeea). Hyperbole Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a phenomenon or an object. He was so tall that I could not see his face. Proverbs and SayingsProverbs and sayings are brief statements showing in condensed form life experience of the community and serving as conventional symbols for abstract ideas. They are usually didactic and image rearing. Proverbs and sayings have some typical features: rhythm, sometimes rhyme and or alliteration. 1. ‘Early to bed and early to rise, 2. Out of sight, out of mind. Iineiaeou iaeaaa? o aoeaaeuiui e/eee ia? aiiniui niuneii. Aeaia ioeoa ii iieaoo. Iiaiai? ee eia? o oieuei aoeaaeuiue ieai. Ai? y aiyouny- n? anouy ia aeaaou. Epigrams Epigrams are terse, witty statements, showing the turn of mind of the originator.Epigram is a stylistic device akin to a proverb, the only difference being that epigrams are coined by people whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the people. ‘A G od that can be understood is not a God. ’ Quotations Quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech and the like used by the way of illustration, proof or as a basis for further speculation on the matter. By repeating the utterance in a new environment, we attach to the utterance an importance. Allegory Allegory is a device by which the names of objects or characters are used figuratively, representing some more general things, good or bad ualities. A type of allegory is Personification. Personification Personification is a form of comparison in which human characteristics, such as emotions, personality, behaviuor and so on, are attributed to an animal, object or idea. The proud lion surveyed his kingdom. The primary function of personification is to make abstract ideas clearer to the reader by comparing them to everyday human experience. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,                Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth y ear! Personification is often represented by the masculine or feminine pronouns for the names of animals, objects or forces of nature.He is used for the Sun, the Wind , for the names of animals (The Cat that walked all by himself), for abstract notions associated with strength and fierceness-Death, Fear, War, Love. She is used for what is regarded as rather gentle (the Moon, Nature, Beauty, Hope, Mercy. In neutral style there also some associations of certain nouns and gender. The names of countries, if the country is not considered as a mere geographical territory, are referred to as feminine (England is proud of her poets). The names of vessels and vehicles are also referred as feminine.Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism is the form of personification consisting of creating imagery persons of inanimate objects. Common examples include naming one’s car or begging a machine to work. The use of anthropomorphized animals has a long tradition in literature and art. They are used to portray stereotypical characters, in order to quickly convey the characteristics the author intends them to possess. Examples include Aesop’s fables, famous television characters, Tom and Jerry, Mickey Mouse and a lot of other funny animals.